Pencemaran Udara: Tinjauan Ilmiah dan Dampak Ekonominya Bagi Kota-Kota Besar
Keywords:
Pencemaran Udara, PM₂.₅, Dampak Kesehatan, Beban Ekonomi, Kota Besar, Kebijakan LingkunganAbstract
Pencemaran udara di kota-kota besar menjadi isu lingkungan dan kesehatan yang semakin krusial, terutama akibat dominasi emisi transportasi, aktivitas industri, dan konsumsi energi berbasis fosil. Kajian literatur ini mensintesis temuan dari sepuluh artikel ilmiah internasional yang relevan untuk menganalisis tren polusi, sumber emisi, dampak kesehatan, serta beban ekonomi yang ditimbulkan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM₂.₅, NO₂, dan O₃ di kota besar Asia dan negara berkembang berada jauh di atas standar WHO, dengan pola tahunan yang konsisten meningkat pada kota yang mengalami urbanisasi cepat. Studi epidemiologis menemukan hubungan kuat antara paparan PM₂.₅ dan peningkatan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular serta gangguan pernapasan, sementara Health Impact Assessment (HIA) di berbagai kota memperkirakan tingginya angka kematian dini dan kasus penyakit akibat polusi. Kajian ini mengidentifikasi sejumlah research gaps, termasuk kurangnya studi longitudinal, minimnya integrasi data satelit dan model ekonomi, keterbatasan data granular, dan kurangnya harmonisasi metode valuasi. Temuan ini memberikan implikasi teoretis dan praktis bagi penguatan kebijakan pengendalian polusi.
Downloads
References
Apte, J. S., Marshall, J. D., Cohen, A. J., & Brauer, M. (2015). Addressing global mortality from ambient PM₂.₅. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(13), 8057–8066.
Burnett, R., Chen, H., Szyszkowicz, M., et al. (2018). Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(38), 9592–9597.
Cropper, M., Khanna, S., & Muller, N. (2022). Air pollution and health in developing countries. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 14, 285–304.
Diao, M., Holloway, T., Choi, S., et al. (2020). Methods, availability, and applications of PM₂.₅ exposure estimates. Environmental Research Letters, 15(12), 123002.
Dyana, R., Putri, A., & Nugroho, S. (2025). Dampak PM₂.₅ terhadap kesehatan masyarakat perkotaan. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 24(1), 45–56.
Ertiana, D. (2025). Ketimpangan kesehatan akibat pencemaran udara di wilayah urban. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 20(2), 101–112.
Gaybullaev, B. (2024). Air pollution and urban economic performance. Journal of Urban Economics, 141, 103566.
Graff Zivin, J., & Neidell, M. (2018). Air pollution’s hidden impacts. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 51–72.
Gurjar, B. R., Butler, T. M., Lawrence, M. G., & Lelieveld, J. (2016). Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities. Atmospheric Environment, 126, 235–246.
Hanna, R., & Oliva, P. (2015). The effect of pollution on labor supply. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(1), 1–26.
Kitchenham, B., Pretorius, R., Budgen, D., et al. (2009). Systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Information and Software Technology, 51(1), 7–15.
Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., et al. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462–512.
Markandya, A., Sampedro, J., Smith, S. J., et al. (2018). Health co-benefits from air pollution mitigation. Energy Policy, 116, 21–29.
Mursinto, D. (2016). Transportasi perkotaan dan pencemaran udara di Indonesia. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 22(3), 189–198.
OECD. (2020). Clean air policy and urban economic growth. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Pope, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6), 709–742.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.
Syuhada, F., Pratama, R., & Hidayat, A. (2023). Pencemaran udara dan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan dan ekonomi perkotaan. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, 34(2), 123–138.
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222.
UN DESA. (2019). World urbanization prospects. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Wang, H. (2025). Long-term exposure to PM₂.₅ and urban health burden. Environmental Health Perspectives, 133(2), 027001.
Wang, H., Chen, Y., & Li, X. (2022). Spatial distribution of air pollution and health impacts in cities. Science of the Total Environment, 806, 150623.
Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Effectiveness of air pollution control policies in urban areas. Environmental Policy and Governance, 34(1), 55–69.
WHO. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines. World Health Organization.
Yang, T., Liu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2025). Urban air pollution and economic sustainability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, 105120.
Zheng, S., Kahn, M. E., & Liu, H. (2019). Towards a system of open cities in China. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(3), 673–699.
