Strategi Nasional untuk Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim dan Dampak Ekonominya
Keywords:
Ekonomi Hijau, Kebijakan Iklim, Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim, Transisi EnergiAbstract
Perubahan iklim merupakan tantangan global yang berdampak luas terhadap stabilitas lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi, khususnya bagi negara berkembang. Peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca akibat aktivitas manusia telah mendorong urgensi penerapan strategi mitigasi yang efektif dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim dan implikasi ekonominya melalui pendekatan kajian pustaka berbasis artikel ilmiah bereputasi internasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan menganalisis sepuluh artikel kunci yang membahas kebijakan mitigasi global, instrumen ekonomi, transisi energi, sektor kehutanan, pertanian, serta dampak sosial dan ekonomi dari kebijakan iklim. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim yang efektif memerlukan pendekatan multisektoral, dengan sektor energi, kehutanan, dan pertanian sebagai kontributor utama penurunan emisi. Instrumen kebijakan seperti harga karbon, pengembangan energi terbarukan, dan mekanisme REDD+ terbukti mampu menekan emisi sekaligus memberikan manfaat ekonomi jangka panjang apabila didukung tata kelola yang kuat. Kajian juga menemukan bahwa meskipun kebijakan mitigasi dapat menimbulkan biaya ekonomi jangka pendek, manfaat jangka panjang berupa peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi hijau, penciptaan lapangan kerja, dan ketahanan ekonomi nasional jauh lebih signifikan. Namun demikian, tantangan sosial seperti ketimpangan distribusi beban dan penerimaan publik menjadi faktor penentu keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan. Simpulan kajian ini menegaskan bahwa strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim harus diintegrasikan dengan agenda pembangunan nasional secara adil, inklusif, dan berbasis bukti ilmiah agar mampu menyeimbangkan tujuan lingkungan dan ekonomi secara berkelanjutan.
Climate change represents a major global challenge with far-reaching environmental, social, and economic consequences, particularly for developing countries. Rising greenhouse gas emissions driven by human activities have intensified the urgency of implementing effective and sustainable mitigation strategies. This study aims to analyze climate change mitigation strategies and their economic impacts through a literature review of internationally reputable scientific articles. The primary method employed is a literature review, focusing on ten key studies addressing global mitigation policies, economic instruments, energy transition, forestry, agriculture, and the socioeconomic impacts of climate policies. The results indicate that effective climate change mitigation requires a multisectoral approach, with energy, forestry, and agriculture identified as the main sectors contributing to emission reductions. Policy instruments such as carbon pricing, renewable energy development, and REDD+ mechanisms have been shown to significantly reduce emissions while generating long-term economic benefits when supported by strong governance frameworks. The review further reveals that although mitigation policies may impose short-term economic costs, the long-term benefits—including green economic growth, job creation, and enhanced national economic resilience—are substantially greater. Nonetheless, social challenges related to equity, distributional impacts, and public acceptance remain critical determinants of policy effectiveness. This study concludes that climate change mitigation strategies must be integrated into national development agendas in a fair, inclusive, and evidence-based manner to ensure the balanced achievement of environmental sustainability and economic development objectives.
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